+ν Α
z
G 强电解质溶液 i = n i T , p ,n A
dG = SdT +Vdp+ AdnA + +ν +dni + ν dni
i ≡ ν + + +ν
M ν + Αν → ν + M
z+
+ν Α
z
≡ ν + + +ν
+ = + RT ln a+
o +
= + RT ln a
o
 =ν +ν + RT ln a+ + RT ln a
o + + o
ν+
ν
≡ ν + +ν
o o +
o
a ≡ a+ a
o
ν+
ν
= + RT ln a

a ≡ a+ a
ν+
ν
a± ≡ (a+ a )
o
离子平均活度 mean ionic activity ν + ν 1/ν
ν = ν + +ν
= +νRT ln a±
 ≡ ν + +ν
o o +
o
a± ≡ (a+ a ) ν =ν + +ν o = +νRT ln a±
= +ν+ RT lna± +νRT lna±
o

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