yinyuan's migration to japan
jiang wu
Leaving for the Rising Sun: The Historical Background of Yinyuan Longqi's Migration to Japan in
1654
neglected area in studies of the Ming-Qing transition, one that .informs us about the scope and depth of that transition, concerns the changes in Chinese Buddhism. Not only did a significant number of loyalists join the Buddhist order, but, in addition, Buddhist monks became key political players. One noteworthy event in this context is Yinyuan Longqi's (1592—1673) emigration to Japan in 1654. His departure led to the establishment of the baku School in Japan, which was considered a mark of Chinese cultural identity for Chinese emigrants there. What happened after the emigration is well known: despite opposition from Japanese Buddhists, Yinyuan won the favor of the sh±gunate and the Japanese emperor. Under an interdiction that no new temples be built, the bakufu government made an exception to grant land in Uji , Kyoto, to Yinyuan Longqi. In 1661, Manpukuji , named after Yinyuan Longqi's home monastery at Mount Huangbo (baku) in China, was erected. In the late-seventeenth and early-eighteenth centuries, based in this new monastery at Uji, the baku School spread its influence throughout Japan. For a long time, this de facto new sect used the name "Rinzai sh±sh " or "Orthodox Lineage of Rinzai." The name "bakush" was not used until 1876, when the Japanese government employed the term to distinguish baku from other Zen sects. In 1970, the baku sect still had 478 temples and 244,584 adherents in Japan. 1 The history of the establishment of the baku School in Japan belongs to the area of Japanese religion, and such scholars as Helen Baroni have clarified much of baku's history after Yinyuan landed in Japan. 2
A
1 Japanese Religion: A Survey by the Agency for Cultural Affairs (Tokyo, New York, and San Francisco: Kodansha International Ltd., 1972), p. 245. 2 See Helen Baroni, Obaku Zen (Honolulu: U. of Hawai'i P., 2000), and Dieter Schwaller, Der Japanische Obaku-Monch Tetsugen Doko:Leben, Denken, Schriften (Bern; New York: P. Lang, 1988).

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