2000年博士生入学英语辅导
(语法部分)
黄 年 根
解放军理工大学工程兵工程学院
What is English Grammar
The study or use of certain rules of the English language
Rules by which words change their forms and are combined into sentences
So English Grammar studies the words and sentences
An Overview of English Grammar
Parts of speech (词类):
noun, article, pronoun, numeral, adjective, verb(auxiliaries--primary ~, model verbs), adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection
Phrases(短语):
verb phrases, noun phrases, prepositional phrases, participial phrases, infinitive phrases
Sentences:
simple, compound, complex, compound-complex
Noun:
名 词 的 数(少数名词的复数形式是不规则的)
child→children, man→men, woman→women, foot→feet, tooth→teeth, goose→geese, mouse→mice, ox→oxen
autos, dynamos, pianos, kilos, photos; radios, ratios, zoos, bamboos, portfolios, studios(cargoes, Negroes, tomatoes, potatoes heroes)
beliefs, chiefs, cliffs, gulfs, proofs, roofs, safes(loaf → loaves, wolf→ wolves, leaf→ leaves, knife→knives, thief→thieves, life→lives, shelf→shelves)
Noun:
名 词 的 数(少数名词的复数形式是不规则的)
analysis→analyses, axis →axes(轴心) bacterium→bacteria, basis→bases, crisis→crises, criterion→criteria, datum→data, thesis → theses, formula→formulae(或formulas), fungus→fungi, medium → media, phenomenon→phenomena, syllabus→syllabi, thesis→theses
单复数一样的名词有:aircraft, spacecraft, Chinese, deer, fish, Japanese, means, series, species等
hair和fruit一般情况下用单数,表示总体
police和cattle的谓语形式总是用复数形式
Noun:
名词所有格
the hostess's living room,
the children's mother
soldiers' training ground
John's and Tom's room (c.f. John and Tom's room)
my uncle's, the barber's, the chemist's,
the Smiths(一家), the Smiths'(的住所), the Smith's(的家)
Pronoun
习惯用法:
He is nothing but a singer. 他只不过是个唱歌的.
Nothing but a miracle can save us. 只有奇迹才能救我们.
She is anything but beautiful. 她并不美.

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