Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style, (所谓翻译,是指在译语中用最贴切,最自然的对等语再现原语的信息, 首先要达到词义对等,其次是达到文体对等.) as Eugene A. Nida, American translation theorist defined.
翻译的定义
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翻译标准是一个复杂的系统.英国学者A.F. Tytler 提出了翻译三原则:The translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original. The translation should have all the ease of the original composition. (译文应完整地复述出原作的思想;译文的风格和笔调应与原作特点相符;译文应和原作一样流畅.) 我国清代严复提出"信,达,雅".
翻译标准
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"信"指忠实原文,"达"指译文流畅,"雅"指文字典雅."忠实","通顺"作为翻译的基本标准已经得到共识.所谓"忠实",是指译者应该正确地理解和表达原文的意思,保持原作的语气和文体风格."通顺",是指译文文字流畅地道,遣词造句应当符合译语的语法规范和表达习惯.在翻译实践中,译者应该恰当地处理两者的关系,避免译文生硬,晦涩.
翻译标准
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翻译过程应包括理解,表达,校改三个阶段.理解原文是核心,正确理解是充分表达的前提,译者必须准确地理解原文的内容,语言结构,背景知识等.充分表达是正确理解的结果,二者是达到"忠实,通顺"标准的必备条件.校改是对理解和表达的进一步深化.译者要对原文内容进一步核实,对译文语言进行推敲,修改,以提高译文质量.
翻译过程
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例1: The afternoon sun penetrated the mass of honeysuckle that covered the porch, and fell on my upturned face. My fingers lingered almost unconsciously on the familiar leaves and blossoms which had just come forth to greet the sweet southern spring.
译文(1):
午后的阳光渗透了覆盖了门廊的忍冬,照射到我向上的脸庞上.我的手指下意识地停留在这些熟悉的,刚刚开花,来问候南方甜蜜春天的树叶和花朵上.
译文(2):
午后的阳光透过爬满门廊的那簇忍冬,照射到我仰起的脸庞上.我的手指近乎下意识地抚弄着这些熟悉的叶片和花朵,它们刚刚抽叶开花,迎来南方温馨的初春.
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在该例翻译中,原文是一句带有定语从句的英语句子,译文(1)似乎是完全忠实原文,但penetrate, linger, sweet等词翻译僵硬,定语从句也没有作相应的处理,语言晦涩,不符合中文的表达习惯;译文(2)按照中文的思维习惯和行文规范,对原句某些词语翻译作了调整,定语从句作了拆分,调整,语言较为优美,可读性增强,较好地体现了"忠实"和"通顺"的翻译.
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例2: I don't think a day passes in my life in which I fail to look with fresh amazement at the miracle of nature.
译文(1):
在我生命中的每一天,我都带着新鲜的惊奇注视着大自然的奇迹.
译文(2):

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